Alba Madonna - 841 Words

The Alba Madonna Raphael Sanzio known primarily by his first name alone was an Italian High Renaissance artist known for his drawings and paintings. Raphael lived from 1843 until 1520. He along with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci are considered the greatest artist of their time. He spent the early years of his career in Umbria and Florence, but spent his later years in Rome. He produced art for two different Popes during his time in Rome before dying at the age of thirty seven. One of his highest celebrated pieces is The Alba Madonna completed in 1509. This painting depicts the Virgin Mary holding baby Jesus who is grasping at a cross being held by his cousin, a young John the Baptist. All three subjects are focused on the cross†¦show more content†¦http://www.wga.hu/index1.html . Influenced by Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, Raphael began to use pen and ink extensively around 1505. He also used black chalk in his early drawings than began to use red chalk consistently around 1514. R aphael probably utilized red chalk, black chalk, and charcoal for the drawings in The Alba Madonna. Raphael was known to use oil paints with pigments on wood, panel, canvas or wood for his paintings. The materials used for The Alba Madonna painting were oil paint on panel which was then transferred to canvas. Raphael used more paint on his works than other artist of his time. According to some, this serves as an example of his extreme talent due to the fact that oil paint in that era was a difficult material to use and was unforgiving. Prior to Raphael’s The Alba Madonna, there had been numerous paintings of the Virgin Mary and Baby Jesus. What was unique about this one was the fact that a very young John the Baptist was included. In his painting, Raphael has John the Baptist holding a cross and the Baby Jesus grasping it. All three subjects in the painting are gazing at the cross. Church teachings state that Jesus had an understanding of his fate at a very young age. This p ainting signifies that understanding. Baby Jesus is accepting his future fate of suffering and dying on the cross. His mother Mary and cousin John are also accepting of his fate. Raphael has capturedShow MoreRelatedHow The Middle Ages Influenced the Renaissance.1108 Words   |  5 Pagespieces, one from each period, are compared. Take the Portrait of the Madonna (Altshuler, 2009, p. 128) and Raphael’s The Alba Madonna (Altshuler, 2009, p. 128) for example; both paintings are of the same image; Mary and baby Jesus. Beyond the shared subject, each painting is remarkably different. The Portrait of Madonna is very flat looking whereas the figures in The Alba Madonna are three-dimensional. In the Portrait of Madonna, the face of Mary is extremely masculine. Her nose is significantly longRead MoreOn a Sunday afternoon, I can think of no better activity than to stroll around Los Angeles County700 Words   |  3 Pagesfocusing on Madonna and Child in a Landscape by Cima da Coneglia no as well as Portrait of a Man by Petrus Christus and comparing and contrasting them with artists such as Raphael and Jan van Eyck. Madonna and Child in a Landscape (c. 1496-99) was painted with oil on panel by Giovanni Battista Cima, also known as Cima da Conegliano (Italy, c. 1459-1517). Cima, similar to Raphael, was well known for painting Madonna’s. This painting has a very similar composition to Raphael’s Alba Madonna. Both paintingsRead MoreThe Rediscovery And Emergence Of Humanism876 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance it was always believed that the divine trumped humans in everyway. This idea of humans being more important, although not widely accepted, changed art as a whole. One example of an artist who used this idea of humanism was Raphael in â€Å"The Alba Madonna† of 1511. He used perspective to take the importance and beauty and point the viewer back to the cross and baby Jesus. In many ways the artists who used this element in their work were able to allow people to understand that this life is worthRead MoreHigh Renaissance Painting In Florence And Environs, 1490-1550.1403 Wo rds   |  6 Pagesthe crucifixion with the Virgin, Saint John, Saint Jerome, and Saint Mary Magdalene by Pietro Perugino, and two smaller portraits are placed in each of the sides. The wall next to it had three portraits which had a large round portrait of the Alba Madonna by Raphael. in the middle, and two smaller portraits on each side as well. Most of the portraits were rectangular or square shaped. As a visitor, you would assume that the paintings and each of the portrait frames are together taken to be displayedRead MoreSelena project1275 Words   |  5 Pagesthis type of combination before. I do not believe this was new for U.S. pop music because other artists had already broken the barrier of this new trend of genre combinations. Selena was making a crossover to dance music similar to Paula Abdul or Madonna. 11. Also consider, Selena s husband and guitar player, Chris.   Chris was a heavy metal/rock musician.   Why did he agree to play in Selena s band?   In what sense is the heavy metal culture Mexican-American, Chicano, Anglo?   Are there aspects ofRead MoreArt History Study Guide3003 Words   |  13 PagesCampanille * Lorenzetti, Ambrogio –Allegory of Good Government in the City/Country * Lorenzetti, Pietro –Birth of a Virgin * Martini, Simone –Annunciation altarpiece * Orcagna –[and Bernardo Daddi] Tabernacle/ Madonna and Child with Saints, Orsanmichele, Florence * Pisano, Andrea –Life of John the Baptist/ Burial of John, S.Doors, Baptistery, Florence * Pisano, Nicola –Nativity/Pulpit, Baptistery, Pisa, * Pisano, Giovanni –Nativity/Pulpit

Analyzing Diversity Within The Workplace - 1061 Words

Introduction The United States is often referred to as a â€Å"melting pot† because of the diversity of its people. People from hundreds of countries with different cultures, languages, religious beliefs, and different ethnicities have come to the United States seeking a better opportunities and a better way of life. Melting pot is defined as â€Å"a place where a variety of races, cultures, or individuals assimilate into a cohesive whole† (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). For the purpose of analyzing diversity in the workplace, it is necessary to also define â€Å"cohesion.† Cohesion is defined as the act or state of sticking together tightly; especially: unity† (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). Is the United States truly a country where people regardless of their†¦show more content†¦In the United States diversity in the workplace has become a priority for human resources managers, (Diversity in the Workplace, n.d.), however, this was not always the case. To ensure diversity and equality, the federal government has enacted laws that provide equal protection to people based upon race, age, disabilities, as well as sexual orientation and identification. Immigration to the United States Between 1815 and 1915, approximately 30 million Europeans immigrated to the United States and by 1880 there were 300,000 Chinese immigrants in the United States (Wills, 2005). Immigrants came to this country looking for greater opportunities that would provide a better way of life; many believing the streets were paved with gold. Immigrants were discriminated against for the most part, but it was the Chinese who received the most hostile treatment. The hostility resulted in the Chinese Exclusion Act passed into law in 1882 prohibiting further Chinese immigration. The act was to last 10 years, but was extended in 1892 and then made permanent in 1902, but was repealed in 1943 (Ma, 2000). Historical Legislation The Civil Rights Act of 1964 On June 11, 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace attempted to prevent two black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama. That night, President John F. Kennedy addressed the nation on television and with an improvised speech called on Congress to

The Field Of Genetics And Dna - 1316 Words

The field of genetics is constantly evolving and producing more information as research leads to more evidence of what exactly is happening in our bodies at the molecular level. The idea of genetics and DNA is still fairly young and much has yet to be discovered. When Mendel discovered inheritance traits, he had to physically visualize the changes of the pea plants. With the technology available today, we are capable of rendering 3D depictions of DNA and proteins with the click of a button on our computer. Mendel’s pea plant discovery was a great introduction into genetics, but many of our currently known diseases and disorders are related to multiple genes. Even with the technology available, some disease origins and their corresponding defective genes are still unknown. Of these genetic flaws, blood disorders are very complex and numerous. So what is blood? Blood is a type of connective tissue that is filled with cells and is suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix. It is responsible for transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste throughout the entire body. In humans, approximately half of the entire blood volume consists of an extracellular matrix called plasma. The other half of the blood volume contains formed elements consisting of platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells. These four units in blood have specific roles to help the body maintain its normal function. A disruption in one of these processes is often times due to a geneticShow MoreRelatedThe Discovery Of Dna Testing1179 Words   |  5 PagesDeoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). The discovery of DNA has greatly enhanced our ability to analyze ancient remains and interpret the findings within the field of archeology. To fully demonstrate the impact that DNA has brought to the field of archeology it is important to understand the historic al discovery of DNA and initial integration into the field of archeology, the use in present day archeology, the advancements and refinements of DNA testing, and the future applications of DNA testing within the field of archeologyRead MoreThe Discovery of DNA Essay723 Words   |  3 PagesDNA – the very molecule that defines who we are. It is still fascinating that a molecule that is so small that is not visible to the naked eye determines not just our physical appearance but also our mental wellbeing. Over 60 years, the discovery of the double helix DNA had impacted various fields relating to Biology and Chemistry, contributing to the advancement of technology and subsequently mankind too. The discovery of DNA had opened up many opportunities in the field of genetics. By analysisRead MoreGenetic Engineering : The Technique Of Producing Recombinant Hybrid Dna By Combining Two Different Strands Of Dna1731 Words   |  7 Pageswould like to thank Abdul Ahad Memon for proof reading my paper. Abstract Genetic engineering is the technique of producing recombinant hybrid DNA by combining two different strands of DNA. The fundamental concept of genetic engineering is gene cloning; the technique of altering the genetic structure of an organism. Gene cloning has four basic processes, namely cutting : the process of isolating the required starnd of DNA, modification : the process of altering the ends of the strand so that theyRead MoreThe Design Of The Human Body1615 Words   |  7 Pageshard to go against. However, there are two fields of scientific research that have shown promise in being able to fix these flaws and make an almost perfect human. The fields of genetics and stem cell research have shown great promise in fixing what we felt were â€Å"natural flaws† in the human body. Genetics and stem cell research are completely different fields, but they are connected by one important issue, fixing these â€Å"natural flaws.† These two fields will be the answer to trea ting sicknesses, makingRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesmeaning that their genetic materials have been modified. This modification is achieved through a technological method, genetic engineering. Genetic engineering also known as recombinant DNA technology/genetic modification is a science that employs molecular biology techniques so as to modify or alter the genome of an organism. It involves manipulation of an organism’s genome directly by use of biotechnology. Typically, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is an exogenous genetic material, is insertedRead MoreThe Benefits of Genetic Engineering Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pages The engineering of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is entirely new, yet genetics, as a field of science, has fascinated mankind for over 2,000 years. Man has always tried to bend nature around his will through selective breeding and other forms of practical genetics. Today, scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in living organisms. Unfortunately, some people are trying to stop further studies in genetics, but the research being conducted today will serve to better mankindRead MoreJames Watson and his Contributions DNA and Genetics946 Words   |  4 PagesJames Watson was born on April 6, 1928 in Chicago Illinois. He was a very gifted and bright child. He is most known for his contributions to DNA and Genetics along with his co-worker Francis Crick. Watson received his B.S. at the University of Chicago and received a Ph.D. from Indiana University. Watson also worked at the University of Cambridges Cavendish Laboratory in England. This was where he first met Francis Crick. (Bagley). As a child, his favorite question was â€Å"why?† and simple answers didRead MoreGenetic Privacy And The Human Genome Project1480 Words   |  6 PagesWith bounding advances in the field of genetics, genetic privacy has sparked a controversy. In the 1980s, the Human Genome Project was formulated to sequence the entirety of the human genome. The first draft of this project was published in Nature in February, 2001, about 10 percent short of completion (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2015). Originally, scientists had hypothesized that there was anywhere from 50,000 to 140,000 genes, but after the release of this first draft and the later completionRead MoreThe Convergence Of DNA Analysis And Forensic Sciences1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe convergence of DNA analysis and Forensic sciences is a recent one, given the relatively new discovery of accurate analysis of DNA. 1953 was a critical year for the field of molecular biology; Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick solved the double-stranded, helical nature of DNA. Nearly three decades later, Kary Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1983, followed only a year later by Sir Alec Jeffreys and his development of the restriction fragment length polymorphismRead MoreThe Human Genome Is Not Just A Black And White Decision Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesthe human genome to take off. However, allowing the use of the CRISPR method is not just a black and white decision. Modifying the human genome is a hot debate in the science and medical fields todays. Arguments in support of modifying the human genome including the following; offers the opportunity to cure genetic diseases, improves the value of life, it is similar to any other intrusive medical therapy, and it provides beneficence. Nevertheless, although we have this type of technology at our fingertips

Empowerment and Strengths-Based Perspective Social Work...

Empowerment and a strengths perspective which support the development of innate abilities and recognize differences in a positive manner are also helping social workers increase the individual client’s capacity to learn to use his or her own systems constructively More than a simple linguistic nuance, the notion that social workers do not empower others, but instead, help people empower themselves is an ontological distinction that frames the reality experienced by both social workers and clients (Simon, 1990, p. 32, quoted in Saleeby, 2006, p. 98) Introduction: This paper firstly looks at empowerment, what it is, and how it can assist social workers in enhancing their client’s competence through development of self-efficacy,†¦show more content†¦Consciousness raising is an educational outcome of empowerment, that has been tapped to combat oppression and injustice, as it enables the individual to understand the source of their powerlessness or oppression and to see that the situation is ‘not their fault’. â€Å"Critical consciousness is the key ingredient in realizing empowerment† (Carr, 2003, p. 15, referring to Freire). That is, arriving at critical consciousness enables people to act, including a possible re-creation of their identity in relation to their environment, and to reassess their relationships within that environment, which, in turn, can enable positive social change — Conscientization, or raised consciousness, is thus a mobilising force (Carr, 2003, p. 15). Psychological empowerment, according to Zimmerman (1995, p. 590), has three major components that â€Å"merge to form a picture of a person who believes that he or she has the capability to influence a given context [intrapersonal component], understands how the system works in that context [interactional component], and engages in behaviours to exert control in the context† [behavioural component], which exemplify development of consciousness. Social workers can foster the action of empowerment education by working with clients and asking them to questionShow MoreRelatedAccessing Clients Strengths : Clinical Assessment For Client Empowerment924 Words   |  4 Pages Social work is very diverse, there is not one sole solution, or strength metaphor which can cover all fields. However, there are assessments which can be applied to certain situations, given the practitioners beliefs. â€Å"Accessing Clients Strengths: Clinical Assessment for Client Empowerment† is an article written by Charles D. Cowger, and is based on a mainstream contextual understanding that the primary goal of social work is to assist individuals with their relationship to others, and to institutionsRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Generalist Social Work Practice1192 Words   |  5 PagesPosition Paper Two: Generalist Social Work Practice Dating back to the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century two women who impacted the field of social work and its beginning were Jane Addams and Mary Richmond. These two ladies pioneered something that later became one of the most influential evidence based practices that has helped to bring social justice and social support to communities, individuals, and groups. The area of social work later developed the generalistRead MoreHow Can The African American Community Survive?940 Words   |  4 Pagesdealing with oppression, exploitation, social exclusion, and injustice. As a result, this makes it hard for those same individuals to prosper. It leaves them powerless, hopeless, and at a disadvantage. It’s said, â€Å"These individuals generate a sense of blame, distrust, alienation, vulnerability, and disenfranchisement† (Dubois, Miley, O’Melia, 2015, p. 83). It is up to social workers to empower these individuals, give them a sen se of hope and bring forth their strengths that society fails to uplift. AfricanRead MoreSwot Management : Case Management1561 Words   |  7 Pages Strengths Based Practice in Case Management Mariann Lowry Case Management Social Work Dept. Introduction Case Management can be found in an abundance of different industries, including health care, the legal profession, the insurance industry, social services, investigative agencies, and much more. Often times the job description includes, however, is not limited to; completing assessments, planning, monitoring client’s progress, making referrals, and an examination to determineRead MoreSocial Theory vs. Empowerment Theory1505 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Social Theory vs. Empowerment Theory: Social theory is a systematic and specifically developed theory that focuses on the structural relationships of individuals in the society or humans as social beings. Therefore, social theory is a structure of empirical evidence that is used to analyze study, and interpret social phenomena. Social theory is considered as an interdisciplinary that combines concepts and ideas from the various diverse fields like media studies and anthropology. On the other handRead MoreEmpowerment And Symbolic Interactionism Both Have Impacted1181 Words   |  5 PagesEmpowerment and Symbolic Interactionism both have impacted the social world tremendously. The reason both have been so tremendous is because of the fact that they were both able to contribute on a global range rather than local. They can be at times be very complex, but they are quite simple. Not only are they unique, but they are unique in their own way. Both theories take a different approach and introduced something new to the field of study, but at times it is easy to intertwine the two. TheRead MoreMajor Categories Of Direct Practice1306 Words   |  6 Pagesalong with the social and political norms. Within the postmodern theories is narrative therapy and solution-focused therapy. I would say that I use the solution-focused mindset most often when working with clients. The problems are identified by the client, the Department of Child Services, myself, and the NCFAS assessment tool then we work together to solve the problem. I can competently understand and articulate the concept of meta-frameworks and their application to the social work practice in myRead MoreThe Ecological Systems Approach Is Encouraging And Facilitating The Development Of Positive Emotional And Affiliation Supports1715 Words   |  7 Pagestheir social service agency. An underlying principle of social work is the pursuit of social justice and the use of systems theory is congruent with this value as it highlights systemic inequalities. I will consequently understand that this family has to maneuver between complex and at times conflicting systems. Thompson (2014) highlights the issue that much of the discrimination and marginalisation that individuals face is generally a result of social circumstances. He would agree that social interactionRead MoreEvaluation And Theory Of The Empowerment Framework803 Words   |  4 PagesSection D Framework Theory (3) Neveah’s treatment will be approached from an empowerment framework. According to Dass-Brailsford (2011), the empowering model is a culturally sensitive and ecologically valid therapeutic approach to utilize with ethnic minority clients. This approach emphasizes the client’s capabilities, self-determination, and a positive sense of self (Logan, 2015). From a broad perspective, the empowerment framework focuses on the following themes: the client’s psychological stateRead MoreFeminist Vs. Postmodern Therapies928 Words   |  4 Pagespostmodern therapies. These two approaches give us insight on a feminist perspective and their struggle for equality, while the other focuses on client exceptions and not dwelling on the past. I felt that postmodern therapies are a real way to give the client not only hope but confidence, by allowing them to see how â€Å" instances of success† or â€Å"exceptions† allow them to overcome problems they are having. Applications Being that I want to work with Veterans in the future, the approached that seemed to have

The Injustice of Plastics Free Essays

Disadvantages of Plastics are 1. Flammable – This is definitely an advantage in that they can be melted down, however smoldering plastics can release toxic fumes into the environment. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on The Injustice of Plastics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cost of Recycling – While recycling is a plus, recycling is a very costly endeavor. 3. Volume – In the United States 20% of our landfill is made up of plastics. As more products are being made of plastics, where will this lead us in the future? 4. Durability – This is an advantage as well as a disadvantage. Plastics are extremely durable, which means that they last a long time. Those plastics in the landfill will be there for years. Plastics make our lives easier, however is their cost on the environment worth it? We can only hope that soon someone will invent a way to safely and cheaply melt and reuse plastics. A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic amorphous solids[citation needed] used in the manufacture of industrial products. Plastics are typically polymers of high molecular mass, and may contain other substances to improve performance and/or reduce costs. Monomers of plastic are either natural or synthetic organic compounds. The word plastic is derived from the Greek (plastikos) meaning capable of being shaped or molded, from (plastos) meaning molded. [1][2] It refers to their malleability, or plasticity during manufacture, that allows them to be cast, pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes—such as films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes, and much more. The common word plastic should not be confused with the technical adjective plastic, which is applied to any material which undergoes a permanent change of shape (plastic deformation) when strained beyond a certain point. Aluminum, for instance, is plastic in this sense, but not a plastic in the common sense; in contrast, in their finished forms, some plastics will break before deforming and therefore are not plastic in the technical sense. There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastics will soften and melt if enough heat is applied; examples are polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)[3]. Thermosets can melt and take shape once; after they have solidified, they stay solid. Overview Plastics can be classified by chemical structure, namely the molecular units that make up the polymer’s backbone and side chains. Some important groups in these classifications are the acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics. Plastics can also be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis, such as condensation, polyaddition, and cross-linking. [4] Other classifications are based on qualities that are relevant for manufacturing or product design. Examples of such classes are the thermoplastic and thermoset, elastomer, structural, biodegradable, and electrically conductive. Plastics can also be classified by various physical properties, such as density, tensile strength, glass transition temperature, and resistance to various chemical products. Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships. They have already displaced many traditional materials, such as wood; stone; horn and bone; leather; paper; metal; glass; and ceramic, in most of their former uses. The use of plastics is constrained chiefly by their organic chemistry, which seriously limits their hardness, density, and their ability to resist heat, organic solvents, oxidation, and ionizing radiation. In particular, most plastics will melt or decompose when heated to a few hundred degrees celsius. [5] While plastics can be made electrically conductive to some extent, they are still no match for metals like copper or aluminum. citation needed] Plastics are still too expensive to replace wood, concrete and ceramic in bulky items like ordinary buildings, bridges, dams, pavement, and railroad ties. Chemical structure Common thermoplastics range from 20,000 to 500,000 amu, while thermosets are assumed to have infinite molecular weight. These chains are made up of many repeating molecular units, known as repeat units, deri ved from monomers; each polymer chain will have several thousand repeating units. The vast majority of plastics are composed of polymers of carbon and hydrogen alone or with oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine or sulfur in the backbone. Some of commercial interests are silicon based. ) The backbone is that part of the chain on the main â€Å"path† linking a large number of repeat units together. To customize the properties of a plastic, different molecular groups â€Å"hang† from the backbone (usually they are â€Å"hung† as part of the monomers before linking monomers together to form the polymer chain). This fine tuning of the properties of the polymer by repeating unit’s molecular structure has allowed plastics to become such an indispensable part of twenty first-century world. Some plastics are partially crystalline and partially amorphous in molecular structure, giving them both a melting point (the temperature at which the attractive intermolecular forces are overcome) and one or more glass transitions (temperatures above which the extent of localized molecular flexibility is substantially increased). The so-called semi-crystalline plastics include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly (vinyl chloride), polyamides (nylons), polyesters and some polyurethanes. Many plastics are completely amorphous, such as polystyrene and its copolymers, poly (methyl methacrylate), and all thermosets. Almost every market that you go today, you will see people carrying their shopping items in plastic bags. Right from food items to clothes to shoes, there is hardly any item that we do not use a plastic bag to carry. However, before stuffing your home with different styles, colors and shapes of plastic bags, have you every considered the dangers that are inherent in using them? No? Then, reading through this article is a must for you. Go through the following lines and explore the disadvantages of plastic bags. After reading them, we are sure that you will prefer sticking to paper bags and the like. Dangers Of Using Plastic Bags Environmental Damage Plastic bags have been known to cause a lot of environmental damage. A single plastic bag can take up to 1000 years, to decay completely. This makes the bags stay in environments longer, in turn leading to great build-up on the natural landscape (much more than degradable materials like paper). In other words, the more plastic bags you use, the greater the chances of environmental damage. Threat To Animal Life As per Marrickville Council of Australia, as many as 100,000 whales, turtles and birds die have been reported to die every year, mainly because of plastic in their environment. Plastic bags not only have adverse effects on our natural habitats, but have also been found to be responsible for the death of many animals, mainly on account of the suffocation encountered on eating them. Suffocation Not only animals, infants and young children have also been reported to have lost their life, on account of plastic bags. Since plastic bags are thin and airtight as well, children often end up blocking their mouths and nostrils with them. In case they are not being monitored by an adult, this leads to suffocation and, in some cases, even death. Pollution Plastic bags are extremely durable. In case you are thinking of this as an advantage, just bring to mind an image of the huge landfill that you visited on the city outskirts, the other day. In most probability, majority of the rubbish present there will comprise of plastic bags only. In other words, plastic bags have led to a great increase in the pollution levels. Fumes Since plastic bags are not bio-degradable, the only way to get rid of them is to burn them up. Though lighting a match to them is easy, it has more than its fair share of disadvantages. The biggest of them is that smoldering plastics can release toxic fumes into the environment, in turn taking the air pollution to much higher levels. Non-renewable One of the main disadvantages of plastic bags is that they are not renewable. The reason behind this is that they are made of petrochemicals, a non-renewable source of energy. They can be recycled, but not as easily as paper bags. Plastic bags can last for as much as hundred of years. In other words, long after you are no more, the plastic bag used by you will be in existence. Plastics are manufactured from petroleum. This brings a host of issues (destruction of habitat, extraction of crude oil, security issues from the volatile countries where oil is produced, processing of petroleum, chemical manipulation into various types of plastics). The manufacture involves many chemicals, many of which have not been sufficiently tested for their toxicological impact on humans or animals. The final plastic product is often a chemical entity that in and of itself has had insufficient toxicological and ecotoxicological testing. An example would be PVC, forms of which are banned in Europe but exist widely in children’s toys in America. Recent controversies over plastic bottles (many toxicologists recommending not re-using plastic water bottles and not storing food in tupperware) have highlighted the potential risks. Exacerbating the problem is that science is only now advancing to where it can detect plastic components in human blood and then trace concentrations and link them to human ailments and diseases. The plastics industry itself often spins plastic and related plastic chemicals into a variety of products, some of which are hazardous and controversial (Teflon, PVC, Polyethylene, polystyrene, various silicones in body and hair care). Plastic-producing companies are often chemical companies or subsidiaries of chemical companies, both with poor track records when it comes to their adherence to regulatory compliance and their willingness to perform toxicological analysis on the products they make. Plastics often leech component chemicals, including hazardous chemicals, through common temperature changes. It is for this reason that toxicologists do not recommend storing very cold foods in plastics or heating foods (microwaving especially) in plastics. Plastics are durable materials. Thus, they are hard to eliminate once used and create tremendous waste. While some common plastics can be recycled (#1 and #2 plastics used in common soda and milk bottles), the vast majority cannot. They take up a lot of space in landfills and create air pollution when incinerated. The Disadvantages of Plastic Skylights Although plastic skylights are safer and sturdier than glass skylights, they do pose several long term disadvantages. Firstly, because they are made in single sheets, they can only be curved or bent in one area, which limits design options. Secondly, all plastics deteriorate in strength and light transmission as time passes, due to ultraviolet rays, heat and oxidation (and none can be entirely prevented). And finally, the life and service of plastic materials is highly unpredictable. Therefore choosing the plastics you will use for a plastic skylight requires much research and first hand knowledge. This is where Roof 101 can help – our contractors have worked with all kinds of plastics in plastic skylights, and their first hand experience could greatly assist you in reaching a decision. How to cite The Injustice of Plastics, Essay examples

Contract Law and the Remedies

Question: Discuss about the Report for Contract Law and the Remedies. Answer: This case study highlights the provisions of contract law and the remedies which needs to be taken when a contract is breached. The given case study is between three persons named as Bill, Jill and Dodgy Pty Ltd. Bill and Jill entered into a contract with Dodgy Pty Ltd for the purchase of a Food Caf. As per the contract Dodgy Pty Ltd states them that the weekly earnings from the caf would be $10,000 and the weekly costs would be $3,000. This means that the contract had stated that weekly profit for both Bill and Jill would be $7,000. But the actual scenario was very different from the contract. Actually the weekly earnings were only $2,000 and the costs were $3,000. This means that the caf was having a weekly loss of $1,000. The difference between the profit from the contract and actual $8,000. This clearly shows that Dodgy Pty Ltd had breached the contract which was signed with Bill and Jill. Now Bill and Jill have the right to take action against the company.(lawhandbook.org.au, 20 16) The terms in a contract are very important because it would either be termed as warranties or conditions. Terms which are considered to be essential for the contract are called as condition and which are nit essential are called as warranties. The condition of the current contract was the weekly payment earned by the caf. Due to this condition Bill and Jill had signed the contract. If this condition was not there then Bill and Jill would not have signed the contract. The same was with the case of Luna Park Case.(smh.com.au, 2016) A contract can either be void or voidable at the option of one of the parties involved. If one of the parties have breached the terms of the contract then the other party has the right to void the contract. Company had made a false statement that caf will earn $10,000 every week. But the actual situation was completely different. So Bill and Jill has the right to void the contract. Both of them need to suffer losses, so they have the right to recover the damage charges from the company. In this case there was a breach of contract and the breach had even cause damage and loss to Bill and Jill. Loss was clearly identified, while signing the contract they expected a profit of $7,000 per week but actually they were incurring losses for $1,000. This means in total they were incurring losses for $8,000 which was same as Hadley v Baxendale and Victoria Laundry v Newman Industries. (lawnix.com, 2016) Both Bill and Jill has the right to claim damage charges from the company since the company had made a false statement in the contract. The false statement made was that the caf would earn $10,000 every week but actually it was just earning $2,000 every week. Bill and Jill suffered losses $1,000 every week. So they will recover these losses from the company as per the Australian Contract Law. 2. Part a) This case highlights about the situations when a company had issued an unsafe product in the market. One of the customers had died after eating the product and so what actions can be taken against the company are discussed in this case. All the relevant laws related to this case study are discussed below in detail. A tort Law is said to be a wrongful act committed by a person against another person who might harm him. If a person has to prove that other person wad harm him then he needs to prove that the said person had owed him a duty. And due to his breach of negligence he had to suffer. Defendant needs to perform his duty with reasonable care, if reasonable care is not taken then it would be considered as breach of duty. Similar situations were there in case of Modbury Triangle Shopping Centre v Anzil. (law.wustl.edu/, 2016) Civil Liability Act 2003 explains the situations when a defendant had breached the duty of care. There are some factors which needs to be considered whenever a duty is breached. The factors are: How serious is the harm to the plaintiff? How much is the probability that harm would occur if care was not taken? How much is social utility involved when the duty was breached? How much burden would have been there to avoid harm? (wiki.qut.edu.au/, 2016) There is one more situation named as Factual Causation. In this scenario plaintiff was affected and harm was cause to him due to the breach of the duty by the defendant. Whenever defendant breaches his duty which causes harm to the plaintiff then it is to be called as Factual Causation. Competition and Consumer Act 2010 states that a consumer is a person who satisfies at least one of the following Involved in the purchase of any transportation. Costs $40,000 or less. Purchases goods for personal or household use. (Australian Government, 2016) As per Section 18 of the Act if any person has made a comment in public which is false or misleading then he comes under this section. A person would be held under misleading conduct if he had made any misleading statements like in the case of Henjo v Collins. Even in the case of Accounting Systems 2000 v CCH some false guaranties and warranties were made but these were not intentional. This test would include that person who is selling their products to the public. (store.lexisnexis.com.au, 2016) Section 54 of the Consumer Protection Act states that the goods which are introduced in the marker must be safe and free from defects. The goods should not be available in the market if the customers knows that the goods are not free from defects.(saflii.org, 2016) As per Section 60 of the Act guarantee must be provided in relation to goods and services. The services which are performed in public must be delivered with reasonable skill and care and should also be delivered within a reasonable period of time. As per Part 3 and 5 manufacturers and importers would be considered liable for any loss, injury or damage if the product produced but them have a defect. Part b) In this answer we need to conclude that who has the authority to take action against the company and what remedies would be available. The main problem with the company was that it was using his own car to deliver pizzas. The pizza was delivered by his son and they have named that car service as UberPizzaDelivery. This means they have stolen the name from other company which was not correct. When they had advertised about their pizza that have stated that only fresh ingredients of the cheese are used in it which are taken straight from the farm. But actually they were using a substitute old and out of date cheese in his pizzas. Due to this a customer got very sick from the stale and then he died. Whenever a company is issuing a product in market then it has to ensure that it is safe. Customer are trusting the company and buying their product but if in return company is selling a product which is unsafe then it is not fair for the customers. In this case while eating pizza a customer has even died. This was intentional by the company to use an old outdated cheese. All the customers and even the family members of the customer who had died has the right to take action against the company. The government would take action against the company because it has violated the provisions mentioned in Consumer and Competition Act. Actions which needs to be taken against him was to be taken by the family of the died customer and even the general public. He had made a product which was unsafe for the public. If action is taken against them then as per Civil and Criminal breaches of ACL Hugh would be entitle to pay fine up to $1.1 Million for companies and $220,000 for individuals. Here Hugh is an individual so he would be entitled to pay penalty for an amount of $220,000. After the payment of this fine by Hugh then as per Section 223 of the ACL a public warning notice must be issued against the company. Notice should clearly state that the Hughs pizza is very harmful for the public so it is better to please avoid the pizza. Consumers can easily take action against him in small claims Tribunals or special divisions of the lower courts. They main aim is to offer dispute resolution which is generally quick, inexpensive fair and less formal. The claim which is made by the consumers should also be under the monetary limit of the given law. Hence company has to pay compensation to the family members who had died and product of such pizzas should be immediately stopped. Government also has the right to ban the company from producing any product. Bibliography Anon., 2016. [Online] Available at: https://www.lawnix.com/cases/hadley-baxendale.html [Accessed 10th September 2016]. Australian Government, 2016. Competition and Consumer Act 2010. [Online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2011C00003 [Accessed 9th September 2016]. law.wustl.edu/, 2016. NEGLIGENCE. [Online] Available at: https://law.wustl.edu/sba/firstyearoutlines/torts/Unknown/TORTS_OUTLINE.pdf [Accessed 10th September 2016]. lawhandbook.org.au, 2016. Elements of a contract. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.co.in/#q=elements+of+a+contract+australia [Accessed 10th September 2016]. lawnix.com, 2016. Hadley v. Baxendale Case Brief Summary. [Online] Available at: https://www.lawnix.com/cases/hadley-baxendale.html [Accessed 10th September 2016]. NSW, 2016. AUSTRALIAN CONSUMER LAW AND FAIR TRADING ACT 2012. [Online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/num_act/aclafta201221o2012418/ [Accessed 9th September 2016]. saflii.org, 2016. The Consumer Protection Act and five common law principles.. [Online] Available at: https://www.saflii.org/za/journals/DEREBUS/2013/17.html [Accessed 10th September 2016]. smh.com.au, 2016. Residents take Luna Park to court. [Online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/residents-take-luna-park-to-court/2007/06/05/1180809467892.html [Accessed 10th September 2016]. store.lexisnexis.com.au, 2016. LexisNexis. [Online] Available at: https://store.lexisnexis.com.au/product?product=lexisnexis-annotated-acts-annotated-civil-liability-legislation-queensland-3rd-editionmeta_F_and=9780409331899 [Accessed 10th September 2016]. wiki.qut.edu.au/, 2016. Civil Liability Act 2003 (Qld). [Online] Available at: https://wiki.qut.edu.au/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=5250988 [Accessed 10th September 2016].